摘要
Abstract
BIM技术与装配式建筑全过程应用价值分析随着建筑行业的发展，BIM技术和装配式建筑逐渐被广泛应用。BIM技术可以实现全过程（设计、出图、下单、生产、加工、追踪、现场安装）的数字化管理，帮助各个阶段的建筑工程协同配合，降低工程质量风险，并提高工程效率。
With the development of the construction industry, BIM technology and prefabricated buildings have been widely used. BIM technology can realize the digital management of the whole process (design, drawing, ordering, production, processing, tracking and on-site installation), help the cooperation of construction projects at all stages, reduce the risk of project quality and improve the efficiency of the project.
装配式建筑，可以提高建筑的生产效率、降低施工难度，并保证建筑质量。本文从BIM技术和装配式建筑两个方面入手，对它们在全过程应用中的价值进行分析。
Prefabricated building can improve the production efficiency, reduce the difficulty of construction, and ensure the quality of construction. This paper analyzes the value of BIM technology and prefabricated construction in the whole process of application.
本文通过阐述什么是装配式建筑，分析了BIM技术在装配式的设计阶段、装配式的加工阶段、装配式的现场安装阶段的技术应用，从而阐述BIM技术嫁接装配式技术的应用价值。
This paper expounds what is the prefabricated building, analyzes the technology application of BIM technology in the design stage of the prefabricated type, the processing stage of the prefabricated type and the field installation stage, and expounds the application value of BIM technology grafted on the prefabricated type technology.
关键词：BIM技术；装配式建筑；全过程生产流程价值分析
Key words: BIM technology; Prefabricated construction; Value analysis of the whole process of production
什么是装配式建筑
What is prefabricated construction
装配式建筑，是建筑工业化的必然产物，也是建筑行业走向智能化生产的必经之路。在汽车产业链、飞机产业链、家电产业链、服装产业链等行业早已经实现了工厂化、信息化、智能化的产业升级。
Prefabricated building is the inevitable product of building industrialization and the only way to intelligent production in building industry. In automobile industry chain, aircraft industry chain, household appliance industry chain, clothing industry chain and other industries have already realized industrial upgrading of factory, information and intelligent.
装配式建筑，起源比较早。在20世纪30年代，瑞典的住房建设中，平桥式钢网结构被应用于公寓楼的建设中，这是欧洲第一个采用装配式技术建造的公寓楼。在建国初期，我们国家也层引进苏联的技术，进行预制板装配式施工。
Prefabricated architecture has an early origin. During housing construction in Sweden in the 1930s, flat bridge steel mesh structures were used in the construction of apartment buildings, which were the first in Europe to be built using prefabricated technology. In the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country also introduced Soviet technology, prefabricated plate assembly construction.
装配式建筑，在建筑领域的很多专业都已经实现了装配式，例如：景观、内装、外装、门窗、幕墙、机电及其他设备等。本文讲的装配式建筑，泛指装配式结构部分部件，例如：称重构件梁、板、柱、剪力墙；装配式楼梯；装配式外装饰墙板等。
Prefabricated architecture, many professions in the field of architecture have been realized, such as: landscape, interior installation, exterior installation, doors and Windows, curtain walls and so on. The prefabricated building mentioned in this paper generally refers to some parts of the prefabricated structure, such as: beam, plate, column, shear wall; Prefabricated stairs; Prefabricated exterior decorative wallboard, etc.
装配式建筑，是一种将建筑模块化制造的工艺。它的特点是将建筑元件、构件和模块在工厂内预制完成，然后运往工地现场进行组装。与传统的现场施工相比，装配式建筑具有生产效率高、施工周期短、质量可控、环保且可重复利用等优势。
Prefabricated building is a modular building manufacturing process. It features building components, components and modules prefabricated in the factory and shipped to the site for assembly. Compared with traditional on-site construction, prefabricated construction has the advantages of high production efficiency, short construction period, controllable quality, environmental protection and reusable.
装配式建筑，通常采用钢结构、混凝土、木结构等材料，经过设计和生产后，可以在施工现场便捷地组装。同时，装配式建筑还能够通过数字技术和基于BIM的工艺优化，实现个性化定制，提高建筑品质和装修效果。
Prefabricated buildings, usually made of steel, concrete, wood and other materials, can be easily assembled at the construction site after design and production. At the same time, prefabricated buildings can also achieve personalized customization through digital technology and BIM-based process optimization, improving building quality and decoration effect.
装配式设计阶段BIM技术应用
BIM technology application in the prefabricated design stage
模型化设计：BIM技术可以将装配式建筑的设计过程模型化，提高设计效率，减少设计过程中的错误。通过模型的搭建、预制构件的拆分、预制构件配筋、预制构件增加吊钩、最终出图配合现场生产加工。
Modeling design: BIM technology can model the design process of prefabricated buildings, improve design efficiency and reduce errors in the design process. Through the construction of the model, the separation of the prefabricated component, the reinforcement of the prefabricated component, the addition of the hook of the prefabricated component, and the final drawing to cooperate with the on-site production and processing.
虚拟现实模拟：BIM技术还可以进行虚拟现实模拟，让设计师和业主更加直观地了解建筑的外观和内部布局，确保设计方案的合理性。
Virtual reality simulation: BIM technology can also carry out virtual reality simulation, so that designers and owners can more intuitively understand the appearance and internal layout of the building, to ensure the rationality of the design scheme.
部件管理与信息共享：BIM技术，可以对材料和部件进行管理，实现资源的共享和调配，提高生产和装配效率。BIM技术，可以方便各方进行数据交流与协同设计，包括：设计师、生产商、装配商和施工方，从而实现更好的协同合作。
Component management and information sharing: BIM technology can manage materials and components, realize resource sharing and allocation, and improve production and assembly efficiency. BIM technology can facilitate data exchange and collaborative design among all parties, including designers, manufacturers, assemblers and construction parties, so as to achieve better collaborative cooperation.
装配式生产加工阶段BIM技术应用
Application of BIM technology in prefabricated production and processing stage
施工规划和材料优化：BIM技术可以帮助设计师进行施工规划和优化，通过精准的算量与参数化设计，避免工厂加工过程中的材料损耗与浪费。
Construction planning and material optimization: BIM technology can help designers carry out construction planning and optimization. Through accurate calculation and parametric design, material loss and waste in factory processing can be avoided.
预制化构件制造与生产管理：使用BIM技术，可以在数字化平台上进行预制化构件设计和制造，通过集约化的生产加工厂，减少了人力和时间成本，提高了构件的质量和精度。BIM技术可以帮助施工管理人员实现智能化施工管理，在数字化平台上进行施工过程监控，从而提高施工效率和质量。
Prefabricated component manufacturing and production management: Using BIM technology, prefabricated component design and manufacturing can be carried out on the digital platform. Through the intensive production processing plant, labor and time costs are reduced, and the quality and precision of components are improved. BIM technology can realize the intelligentized construction management, construction management personnel in the digital platform construction process of monitoring, to improve construction efficiency and quality.
节省建筑能耗：BIM软件与装配式技术的嫁接，有效减少了水、电、沙石、混凝土、钢筋的用量，从而节省生产加工环节的养护、运输、搬运等环节的能耗。这样可以最大程度地降低能源消耗，提高建筑生产加工环节的节能性能。
Save building energy consumption: The grafting of BIM software and assembly-type technology effectively reduces the consumption of water, electricity, sand, concrete and steel, thus saving the energy consumption of production and processing links such as maintenance, transportation and handling. In this way, energy consumption can be reduced to the greatest extent and energy saving performance of building production and processing links can be improved.
装配式安装阶段BIM技术应用
BIM technology application in prefabricated installation stage
构件检验与追踪：BIM技术可以在数字化平台上进行构件的检测、追踪技术进行质量控制。数字化平台可以实时记录构件的制造过程，通过数据分析和模拟模型，可以及时发现问题并进行调整。
Component test and track: BIM technology can be performed in the digital platform of component detection and tracking technology in quality control. The digital platform can record the manufacturing process of components in real time. Through data analysis and simulation model, problems can be found and adjusted in time.
安装管理：BIM技术可以帮助施工管理人员进行智能化的安装管理，数字化平台可以参考BIM模型资料，对施工进度和质量进行实时监控和跟踪，有效提高了安装效率和精度。
Installation management: BIM technology can help construction management personnel for the installation of intelligent management, digital platform can reference BIM model data, real-time monitoring and tracking the construction progress and quality, effectively improve the installation efficiency and accuracy.
提高安装效率：在装配式的现场安装过程中，减少了混凝土的养护时间，将施工现场的工作前置到建筑装配式工厂，从而降低施工现场的施工人员、时间、物料等成本。
Improve installation efficiency: In the process of prefabricated site installation, the curing time of concrete is reduced, and the work on the construction site is front-loaded to the construction prefabricated factory, thus reducing the cost of construction personnel, time and materials on the construction site
装配式建筑的缺点
Disadvantages of prefabricated construction
要注意的是，装配式建筑技术，虽然有很多的优点，但同时也存在一些缺点，例如：固定模块限制；设计优化难；维护修理难；质量把控难；工厂产能提升难。
It should be noted that the prefabricated construction technology, although there are many advantages, but at the same time there are some disadvantages, such as: fixed module limit; Design optimization is difficult; Difficult to maintain and repair; Quality control is difficult.
固定模块限制：装配式建筑技术的构件都是固定模块化的，并且需要在工厂进行生产和二次搬运场地。这些模块之间的连接方式和尺寸都是预定的，在设计和施工阶段，需要满足模块的尺寸和重量限制，因此有时会设计方案受到摸具尺寸的限制。
Fixed module limitations: The components of prefabricated building technology are fixed modular and require factory production and secondary handling sites. The connections and dimensions between these modules are predetermined. During the design and construction phase, the size and weight limits of the modules need to be met, so sometimes the design solution is limited by the size of the touch.
设计优化难：由于装配式建筑的构件已经在工厂预制好了，因此很难在现场进行调整，特别是涉及到一些非标准的构件和设计需要改进的情况。这不仅增加了设计和生产的成本，还可能会导致项目延期。
Design optimization is difficult: Because the components of prefabricated buildings have been prefabricated in the factory, it is difficult to adjust them on site, especially when non-standard components and design improvements are involved. This not only increases the cost of design and production, but can also lead to project delays.
维护修理困难：装配式建筑构件通常采用工业化生产过程制造，需要进行精细的设计和高标准的加工。因此，如果发生维护和修理的情况，在现场进行这些工作往往比较困难，甚至可能需要重新安装新的构件。
Difficult maintenance and repair: Prefabricated building components are usually manufactured in an industrial production process, requiring elaborate design and high standards of processing. Therefore, if maintenance and repairs occur, they are often difficult to perform on site and may even require the reinstallation of new components.
可能出现质量问题：虽然装配式建筑构件的生产过程受到工厂的严格质量管理，但有时仍然会出现质量问题，最常见的问题是装配不良、连接不牢固等，尤其是卫生间的交接区域，连接不牢固会出现漏水情况。若发现这些问题，需要重新制造或更换构件，从而增加了成本和维修时间。
Possible quality problems: although the production process of prefabricated building components is subject to the strict quality management of the factory, but sometimes there will be quality problems, the most common problem is poor assembly, connection is not strong, especially in the bathroom handover area, connection is not strong will appear water leakage. When these problems are discovered, components need to be remanufactured or replaced, increasing cost and maintenance time.
工厂产能提升难：虽说装配式建筑是趋势，也给设计、施工、安装全过程带来了很多产业技术的提升。但是生产加工工厂的产能令人堪忧，众所周知，生产产能是工厂的生命线，会直接影响工厂的现金流和未来生存现状。
Difficult to increase factory capacity: although prefabricated construction is the trend, it also brings a lot of industrial technology improvement to the whole process of design, construction and installation. However, the production capacity of the processing plant is worrying. As we all know, the production capacity is the lifeline of the factory, which will directly affect the cash flow and future survival status of the factory.
总结
summarize
BIM技术和装配式建筑在全过程中的应用价值很大，并且相辅相成，互相促进。BIM技术可提高设计效率、增强沟通协作能力、优化施工计划和管理、提高施工质量，而装配式建筑可以提高装配效率、保证建筑质量、降低工程成本。
BIM technology and prefabricated construction in the whole process of the application of great value, and complement each other, promote each other. BIM technology can improve design efficiency, enhance communication and cooperation ability, optimize construction planning and management, and improve construction quality, while prefabricated buildings can improve assembly efficiency, ensure construction quality, and reduce project costs.
在未来建筑行业的发展中，BIM技术和装配式建筑将会越来越受到关注和应用。装配式建筑技术在实际应用过程中，虽然具有很多优点，但也需要考虑和包容他的缺点，在实际应用中需要根据具体情况进行比较。产业的升级需要政府、行业带头人为产业提供相应的政策和标准，也希望未来产业欣欣向荣。
The development of construction industry in the future, BIM technology and prefabricated construction will be more and more attention and application. In the practical application of prefabricated building technology, although it has many advantages, it also needs to consider and accommodate its disadvantages, which need to be compared according to the specific situation in the practical application. Industrial upgrading requires the government and industry leaders to provide corresponding policies and standards for the industry, and we hope that the industry will prosper in the future.
作者：第六情报科
