摘要：
Abstract:
建筑行业是我国的支柱产业。不仅在改善人居环境、调高城镇化率、完善城市基础设施等方面成就突出；并且在解决劳动就业、推动经济增长、企业纳税增收方面也发挥着重要作用。数字化是我国新时代发展过程中提出的全新理念，十四五规划中明确了数字化经济、数字化城市的发展方向。建筑产业的数字化产业升级，一直以来是推动产业经济的排头兵。借助互联网、物联网、大数据等信息产业吹来的东风，建筑产业与信息产业的互联互通，相互结合成为建筑产业新的风向标。
Building industry is a pillar industry in our country. It has not only made outstanding achievements in improving living environment, increasing urbanization rate and improving urban infrastructure. It also plays an important role in solving the problem of employment, promoting economic growth and increasing the tax income of enterprises. Digitization is a brand new concept proposed in the process of development of the new era of our country. The development direction of digital economy and digital city is clearly defined in the 14th Five-Year Plan. The digital industrial upgrading of construction industry has always been the vanguard of promoting industrial economy. With the help of the Internet, the Internet of Things, big data and other information industries, the interconnection between the construction industry and the information industry has become a new wind vane of the construction industry.
本文从传统建筑业生产流程讲起，由浅入深分析工业4.0进化路径及产业转型升级的过程；剖析智慧工地中的五大板块，以及36个子项应用点；最后分析了智能建造未来的展望。本文意在提升建筑领域对智慧工地的技术认知；推动BIM技术在建筑全生命周期中的应用；助力我国建筑业产业数字化转型升级。
Starting from the production process of the traditional construction industry, this paper analyzes the evolution path of industry 4.0 and the process of industrial transformation and upgrading from the shallow to the deep. Analyze the five plates in the smart construction site, and 36 sub-application points; Finally, the prospect of intelligent construction is analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to improve the technical cognition of smart site in the construction field; Promote the application of BIM technology in the whole life cycle of buildings; Help our country construction industry digital transformation and upgrading.
关键词：BIM技术、智慧工地、智能建造、智慧城市
Keywords: BIM technology, smart construction site, smart construction, smart city
1、工业4.0进化路径分析
1. Evolution path analysis of Industry 4.0
首先，回顾一下建筑产业的生产流程。一个建筑项目从拿地到竣工验收经历了，项目立项、拿地、规划设计、方案设计、施工图设计、现场施工、竣工验收、建成交付业主方或第三方物业等环节。简化后可以分为设计阶段、施工阶段、运维阶段、拆除阶段等。
First, review the production process in the construction industry. From land acquisition to completion acceptance, a construction project goes through the steps of project approval, land acquisition, planning and design, scheme design, construction drawing design, site construction, completion acceptance, completion and delivery to the owner or the third party property. After simplification, it can be divided into design stage, construction stage, operation and maintenance stage, demolition stage, etc.
谈到建筑行业的数字化升级，首先联想到的是BIM技术，三维信息模型是建筑产业数字化的开始，同时也伴随着数字化设计、生产、加工的全过程。从数字化设计到数字化施工，离不开智能化设备应用、传感器技术的嫁接、互联网底层SAAS系统的搭建。智慧工地成为了数字化施工的崭新理念，是数字化设计的延续，也是“智能建造”领域的一部分。
When it comes to the digital upgrading of the construction industry, BIM technology is the first thing that comes to mind. Three-dimensional information model is the beginning of the digitalization of the construction industry, as well as the whole process of digital design, production and processing. From digital design to digital construction, it is inseparable from the application of intelligent equipment, the grafting of sensor technology and the establishment of the Internet SAAS system. Smart site has become a new concept of digital construction, a continuation of digital design, and also a part of the field of "smart construction".
随着BIM技术在建筑产业全生命周期得不断渗透，先后打通了BIM全专业协同设计、BIM施工过程服务、BIM+5D施工进度管理等应用点。随着技术不断迭代，如何借助BIM技术实现数字化施工，以及在施工阶段进行智能化产业升级等课题逐渐浮出水面。
With the continuous penetration of BIM technology in the whole life cycle of the construction industry, the BIM professional collaborative design, BIM construction process service, BIM+5D construction schedule management and other application points have been opened. With the continuous iteration of technology, topics such as how to realize digital construction with the help of BIM technology, and how to upgrade intelligent industry in the construction stage gradually surface.
回望工业生产百年发展历程，工业领域的进化过程经历了蒸汽化1.0时代、电气化2.0时代、信息化3.0时代、智能化4.0时代。横向对比我国的工业制造领域，很多工业生产已经进入到4.0阶段，例如：特斯拉工厂、格力空调、红领西装等，各类工业生产企业基本实现了智能化制造。建筑行业也是工业制造领域的一部分，施工现场可以理解为建筑的生产加工车间。
Looking back at the century-old development of industrial production, the evolution of the industrial field has experienced the age of steam 1.0, electrification 2.0, information 3.0 and intelligence 4.0. Transverse comparison of the field of industrial manufacturing of our country, many industrial production has entered stage 4.0, such as Tesla factory, Gree air conditioning, red collar west installation, etc., all kinds of industrial production enterprises have basically realized intelligent manufacturing. Construction industry is also a part of the industrial manufacturing field, the construction site can be understood as the production and processing workshop of the building.
然而，建筑业的智能化、信息化程度并不高，可以说建筑行业还处在劳动密集型、粗放型的工业2.0时代。施工过程中的人员管理混乱，工资发放不及时；物料损耗严重，切割基本靠人工，机械化水平低；机械排班及工时不明确，造成工期延误；环境和天气监测需要现场定点定时测量，人力成本高；安全隐患严重，不带安全帽，现场抽烟等造成现场事故；危险源监测数据无预警，造成塌方等不必要的经济损失；林林种种行业痛点不胜数。
However, the intelligent and information level of the construction industry is not high. It can be said that the construction industry is still in the era of labor-intensive and extensive industry 2.0. Personnel management in the construction process is chaotic, wages are not timely; Material loss is serious, cutting basically rely on manual, low level of mechanization; Mechanical scheduling and working hours are not clear, resulting in time delay; Environment and weather monitoring requires on-site fixed point and time measurement, which has high labor cost. Serious safety hazards, do not wear safety helmet, smoking on site caused by the scene accident; Hazard source monitoring data without warning, resulting in cave-in and other unnecessary economic losses; There are numerous pain points in various industries.
能否借助互联网、物联网、BIM技术实现智能建造成为新的研究课题。智慧工地的出现，解决了部分行业痛点，不仅对施工过程中的安全生产有重大意义，同时可以辅助推动智能建造领域的技术应用，为下一代AI辅助设计、智能化建造、以及智慧运维和智慧城市等领域做铺垫。
Whether intelligent construction can be realized with the help of Internet, Internet of Things and BIM technology has become a new research topic. The emergence of smart site solves the pain points of some industries. It is not only of great significance to the safety of production in the construction process, but also can help promote the application of technology in the field of intelligent construction, laying the groundwork for the next generation of AI-assisted design, intelligent construction, intelligent operation and smart city.
2、简述智慧工地
2. Describe the smart site
智慧工地，是“智慧城市”、“智能建造”不可分割的一部分。智慧工地，也是基于BIM技术的崭新产物，是建筑业全生命周期智能化管理中施工阶段的必要一环。智慧工地，集合了互联网技术、物联网技术、BIM5D施工管理技术于一体，对整个建造过程进行全方位智能化管理。通过信息化、数字化技术，将施工现场建立互联协同一盘棋、进行智能生产科学管理。
Smart site is an integral part of "smart city" and "smart construction". Smart site, also a new product based on BIM technology, is a necessary link in the construction stage of intelligent management in the whole life cycle of the construction industry. Smart site, a collection of Internet technology, Internet of Things technology, BIM5D construction management technology in one, the entire construction process of a full range of intelligent management. Through information technology and digital technology, the construction site will establish interconnection and coordination of chess, intelligent production and scientific management.
智慧工地，明确讲是工业3.0的信息化工地，也是建筑行业的工业2.0向工业4.0跨越的起步阶段。智慧工地，将传感技术、虚拟现实等技术植入到建筑行业的生产过程中。为了能够高效的管理施工现场，简单的分为“人、机、物、法、环”五大板块，以及36个子项应用点，涵盖施工过程中的人员、机械、物料、工法、环境、安全、进度、质量、财务等多个环节。将生产加工前、施工过程中、竣工验收时的数据信息化，通过互联网及数据上传到私有云平台中。以下针对几个应用场景进行阐述分析：
Smart construction site is clearly the information construction site of Industry 3.0, and also the starting stage of industry 2.0 to industry 4.0 in the construction industry. Smart site, which implants sensor technology, virtual reality and other technologies into the production process of the construction industry. In order to manage the construction site efficiently, it is simply divided into five sections, namely "human, machine, material, law and environment", and 36 sub-application points, covering the personnel, machinery, materials, construction method, environment, safety, schedule, quality, finance and other links in the construction process. The data before production and processing, during construction and completion and acceptance will be informationized and uploaded to the private cloud platform through the Internet. The following application scenarios are described and analyzed:
2.1、人员管理系统
2.1. Personnel management system
智慧工地管理平台中集成了劳务实名制管理平台，劳务用工人员进场时打卡进场，记录每天的出勤情况，最终形成劳务门禁数据库上传市级或省级劳务管理平台。劳务系统优势在于自动形成出勤统计，同时联名发放工资卡，保障农名工工资发放问题；劳务人员的属地来源，年龄，季节影响，工种分析，现场用工情况分布分析等在后台形成数据；为未来用工提供数据参考依据，避免芒种，天气，或者工种等突发情况错峰用工；还可以为生活区食堂及其他配套提供后期补给依据等。
Smart site management platform integrates a real-name management platform for labor service. When labor personnel enter the site, they punch in and record their daily attendance. Finally, a database of labor access control is formed and uploaded to the municipal or provincial labor service management platform. The advantage of the labor service system is the automatic formation of attendance statistics, at the same time jointly issued wage card, to protect the wages of farmers; The geographical source, age, seasonal influence, type of work analysis, field labor distribution analysis and so on form data in the background; To provide data reference basis for future employment, to avoid grain in ear, weather, or other unexpected situations such as job peak employment; It can also provide late supply basis for the living area canteen and other supporting facilities.
智慧工地信息平台中自主研发“巡场安全帽“，在传统安全帽中加装带GPS功能和无线反馈功能模块，最终在使用过程中形成巡场路线图、危险源拍照定位点、后台管理数据及未来巡检规划等功能。
"Patrol safety hat" is independently developed in the smart site information platform, and the traditional helmet is equipped with GPS function and wireless feedback function module. In the end, such functions as patrol road map, danger source photo registration point, background management data and future patrol planning are formed in the process of use.
智慧工地中的监控系统中加载AI智能化分析盒子模块。可以通过人脸识别系统，识别未带安全帽、未穿防护服装、施工现场火种源或吸烟等危险源实施抓拍，后台记录数据的同时，也可以现场监控取证，并对管理人员进行报警提醒，远程管理人员可以通过安装好的喊话系统，远程喊麦制止和危险提醒。
Intelligent AI analysis box module is loaded into the monitoring system in the smart site. Can through the face recognition system, identification without helmet, not wearing protective clothing, construction site tinder or smoking and other dangerous sources of capture, background record data at the same time, can also be on-site monitoring evidence, and the management of the alarm reminder, remote management personnel can through the installation of a good shout system, remote shout wheat stop and danger warning.
2.2、基于GPS/北斗卫星的机械设备管理
2.2. Mechanical equipment management based on GPS/ Beidou satellite
智慧工地中少不了机械设备的管理，其中常见的有土方量开挖、土方量回填、路面摊铺、塔吊高空作业防倾倒等功能。新一代GPS技术已经将误差定义在2.9毫米，5G互联网技术网络延时为毫秒级别，信息技术的突破帮助施工现场减少误差及返工。例如：土方开挖可以对施工现场土方量进行评估，挖方后基坑进行评估；路面摊铺同样减少路面摊铺和夯实系数、高度等数据误差；高空作业也可以借助传感器的数据对安全进行预警，事前危险防范，避免损失。
The management of mechanical equipment is indispensable in the smart site, among which the common functions are earthwork excavation, earthwork backfill, pavement paving, tower crane overhead operation toppling prevention, etc. The new generation of GPS technology has defined the error at 2.9 mm, 5G Internet technology network latency at the millisecond level, information technology breakthroughs help reduce errors and rework on the site. For example, earthwork excavation can evaluate the amount of earthwork on the construction site and the excavation foundation pit; Pavement paving also reduces the data errors of pavement paving and compaction coefficient, height, etc. High altitude operation can also use the sensor data for safety warning, risk prevention in advance, to avoid losses.
2.3、车辆进出场系统
2.3. Vehicle entry and exit system
智慧工地中的车辆信息管理，可以通过AI智能监控，实时记录进出场车辆车牌号、进出场班次、车辆货物载重量、物料类别等信息进行收集统计，在云端后台进行自动录入。为施工、监理及现场管理人员进行数据比对的依据，还可以为财务及物料管理人员形成实际发生物料数据。车辆出场时，加装自动冲洗轮毂装置，可以有效减少城市路面的泥垢和污染。
Vehicle information management in the smart construction site can be achieved by AI intelligent monitoring, real-time recording of vehicle license plate number, incoming and outgoing shift, vehicle cargo load, material category and other information for collection and statistics, and automatic input in the cloud background. For the construction, supervision and site management personnel data comparison basis, but also for the financial and material management personnel to form the actual material data. When the vehicle goes out, it can effectively reduce the dirt and pollution of the urban road surface by installing automatic flushing hub device.
2.4、工艺工法监测系统
2.4. Process monitoring system
智慧工地平台嫁接无纸化办公模块。现场资料员、监理单位可以将平台与监测单位平台联网，实现监测数据、恒温恒湿、混凝土养护等情况通过温控、湿度传感器进行数据上传，同时生成监测报告，最终在平台汇总成为工法数据库。可以有效解决施工工艺的技术资料溯源，同时可以为管理人员提供纠错数据依据。
Smart site platform grafting paperless office module. Field data personnel and supervision units can network the platform with monitoring units, so that monitoring data, constant temperature and humidity, concrete curing and other conditions can be uploaded through temperature control and humidity sensors, and monitoring reports can be generated at the same time, which can be summarized into construction database on the platform. It can effectively solve the source of the technical data of the construction process and provide the data basis for the management personnel to correct the error.
2.5、环境监测系统
2.5. Environmental monitoring system
智慧工地中对环境监测进行了分类：风向指数、降雨防汛、气象温度、扬尘PM等数据实时上传平台。管理平台中对塔吊风向预警、降雨防汛预警、高温天气预警进行提醒；将控制模块加载到扬尘喷淋系统中，PM2.5指数超标后，可以远程自动开启扬尘喷淋装置为施工现场降尘。
Environmental monitoring is classified in the smart site: wind direction index, rainfall flood control, meteorological temperature, dust PM and other data are uploaded to the platform in real time. In the management platform, the wind direction warning, rainfall flood control warning and high temperature weather warning are reminded. Load the control module into the dust spraying system. When the PM2.5 index exceeds the standard, the dust spraying device can be automatically opened for dust removal at the construction site.
智慧工地系统还可以对现场的用水、用电、能耗、污水排放指标等数据进行汇总。对应的流量传感器、能耗异常预警、以及污水排放指标进行评估。
The smart site system can also summarize the data of water consumption, electricity consumption, energy consumption, sewage discharge index and so on. The corresponding flow sensor, abnormal energy consumption warning, and sewage discharge index are evaluated.
2.6、台班台账系统
2.6. Desk ledger system
智慧工地系统通过对“人机物法环“各环节的监控管理，最终形成台班、台账转换为数字化信息存贮在服务器。可以在施工前进行现场施工进度计划排期、物料进度及资金计划统筹、以及进行施工组织设计等；在施工过程中进行计划比对，人员进出场管理、车辆物料检验确认、监测报告同步更新；在竣工验收时进行资料汇总和收集，形成生产加工过程中的闭环管理，最终形成智慧工地数据库。智慧工地系统可以提高管理的效率，有效解决施工过程中的错误、避险、安全隐患等痛点。
Through the monitoring and management of all links of the "human-machine object law", the intelligent site system finally forms the platform and books and converts them into digital information stored in the server. Before the construction, the site construction schedule, material schedule and capital plan can be arranged, and the construction organization design can be carried out; Plan comparison in the construction process, personnel entry and exit management, vehicle material inspection and confirmation, monitoring report update synchronously; Data will be summarized and collected during the completion and acceptance, forming closed-loop management in the production and processing process, and finally forming the intelligent site database. The smart site system can improve the efficiency of management and effectively solve the pain points in the construction process such as errors, risk avoidance and safety risks.
3、关于BIM+智慧工地系统
3. BIM+ smart site system
以上阐述了几个关于智慧工地的常用应用场景，当然应用场景还有很多，例如：智能仓储系统、智能物料跟踪系统、智能化装配施工系统等应用点，由于篇幅问题不展开讨论。一定有人会问，这跟BIM有什么关系呢？
The above describes several common application scenarios of smart site. Of course, there are many other application scenarios, such as intelligent storage system, intelligent material tracking system, intelligent assembly construction system, etc., which will not be discussed due to space problems. What does this have to do with BIM, one must ask?
首先，BIM系统的拥有数字化设计BIM模型，可以为施工过程中提供数字化施工依据，施工人员根据模型查漏补缺；其次，BIM系统与GPS系统对接，模型中的每个物体都是三维的，拥有全球唯一坐标点，指导施工更准确，减少返工和不必要的物料损耗；第三，现场施工过程中的传感器、实时预警、行走路线等信息，可以直接体现在BIM轻量化模型中，将现场管理可视化、施工过程流程化、施工节点数字化交付。
First of all, the BIM system has the digital design BIM model, which can provide the digital construction basis for the construction process, and the construction personnel can check the gaps according to the model; Secondly, the BIM system is connected with the GPS system. Every object in the model is three-dimensional and has the unique coordinate point in the world, which can guide the construction more accurately and reduce the rework and unnecessary material loss. Third, information such as sensors, real-time early warning and walking routes in the process of site construction can be directly reflected in the lightweight model of BIM, which can visualize the site management, streamline the construction process and deliver the construction nodes digitally.
智慧工地系统的建设还处于初期阶段，在数字化施工领域未来还有很多可以探索的空间，例如：基于BIM的参数化设计、智能化机械手臂辅助施工、3D打印与高强度混凝土材料应用、数字化AI智能设计等。目前我国处在科技发展迅速的年代，信息爆炸让未来扑面而来，更应该借鉴融合新技术、新材料和新工艺，逐渐应用到实际项目中，为中国的建筑领域工业化、信息化、智能化贡献一份力量。
The construction of smart site system is still in the early stage, and there is still a lot of space to explore in the field of digital construction in the future, such as: BIM based parametric design, intelligent mechanical arm assisted construction, 3D printing and high-strength concrete material application, digital AI intelligent design, etc. At present, China is in the era of rapid development of science and technology, and the information explosion makes the future come to us. We should learn from and integrate new technologies, new materials and new processes, and gradually apply them to practical projects, so as to make a contribution to the industrialization, informatization and intellectualization of China's building field.
作者：第六情报科
