摘要：
Abstract:
随着我国经济的快速发展，作为龙头行业的建筑工程领域，逐渐从粗放型生产方式转变为专业化精细化生产模式。建筑生产加工环节中，精细化程度最高的当属精装修领域。随着建筑行业的繁荣，精装修领域也逐渐趋于成熟。
With the rapid development of our economy, as the leading industry of construction engineering, gradually from extensive mode of production into specialized refined production mode. Construction production and processing links, the highest degree of refinement is the field of fine decoration. With the prosperity of the construction industry, the field of fine decoration is gradually becoming mature.
智能制造2025的浪潮下，诞生了BIM技术应用的大背景，我们新时代的设计师都逃脱不了科技进度吹响的号角。如何将精装修专业（设计、施工）跟上时代的步伐，是值得思考的问题。如何将BIM技术应用到实际项目中，又有哪些优势，是我们探索的目标。本文通过精装修项目中的应用，进行了技术应用分析：精装修设计到施工现状；传统工作流程的回顾；分析技术对接中常见问题；BIM技术应用点分析；多专业协同工作等论点，从多个角度全方位阐述BIM技术在精装修领域从设计到施工的技术应用。
Under the wave of intelligent manufacturing 2025, the BIM technology application background was born, and the designers in our new era can not escape the horn sounded by the progress of science and technology. How to fine decoration professional (design, construction) to keep up with the pace of The Times, is worth thinking about the problem. How to apply BIM technology to actual projects and what are its advantages are our exploration goals. In this paper, through the application of fine decoration project, the technical application analysis: fine decoration design to construction status; A review of traditional workflow; Analyze common problems in technology docking; BIM technology application point analysis; The thesis of multi-professional collaborative work expounds the technical application of BIM technology in the field of fine decoration from design to construction from multiple perspectives.
关键词：BIM；精装修设计；消防点位；工程量清单；多专业协同设计
Key words: BIM; Fine decoration design; Fire station position; Bill of quantities; Multi-professional collaborative design
根据目前国内精装修现状设计条件分类，大致可以分为工程装修和家庭装修。无论是那种装修类型，改造类项目最为复杂。难点在于现状拆除、利旧、测量、新旧衔接、天花及墙面的机电点位确定、多专业协同等。
According to the current domestic fine decoration design conditions classification, can be roughly divided into engineering decoration and family decoration. Regardless of the type of decoration, renovation projects are the most complex. The difficulty lies in the current situation of demolition, old, measurement, old and new connection, ceiling and wall electromechanical point location determination, multi-professional collaboration.
通过回顾精装修设计到施工工作流程，我们不难发现，相对比土建和机电的隐蔽工程来说，精装修需要协同的专业众多、技术难点复杂、精细化程度高。伴随现场施工，出现的问题繁多，例如：保留现状难测量、平面立面大样不一致、机电位置无法确定、综合天花点位不确定、净高控制不住、工程量及损耗不好统计等技术难点。
By reviewing the work flow from fine decoration design to construction, it is not difficult to find that, compared with the hidden works of civil engineering and electromechanical engineering, fine decoration needs to cooperate with many specialties, complicated technical difficulties and high degree of refinement. With the on-site construction, there are many problems, such as: the retention of the status quo is difficult to measure, the plane elevation is inconsistent, the mechanical and electrical position cannot be determined, the comprehensive ceiling point position is uncertain, the net height is not controlled, the engineering quantity and loss is not good statistics and other technical difficulties.
点云三维扫描技术
Point cloud 3D scanning technology
精装修项目类型大致分为：改造类项目和新建类项目。利旧，成为了改造项目的难点，区块划分为拆除部分、保留部分、还有新增部分等。利旧位置的机电及保留现状测量更是难上加难。点云技术的出现，解决了现状测量的得问题。
The types of fine decoration projects are roughly divided into: renovation projects and new projects. To benefit the old has become the difficulty of the reconstruction project, and the block is divided into the demolition part, the retention part, and the new part. It is even more difficult to measure the mechanical and retention status of the old position. The emergence of point cloud technology solves the problem of current measurement.
现场数据的采集，是点云前期的重要工作，点云数据的精度取决于仪器精度，大概两分钟一个数据塔位；数据采集很快呈现在手持设备中进行校对，数据转码后可以导入到电脑或者BIM软件中使用。得到一手的点云数据后，可以导入到BIM软件中的A1点进行校对工作，层高、轴网、梁板柱及建筑基础信息的校对可以开展。点云，是设计的一个辅助工具，也可以像剖切模型一样轻松可见平面、剖面、三维等视角，以及测量现状构件的尺寸等，为快速开展精装设计提供了可能。
Field data collection is an important work in the early stage of point cloud. The accuracy of point cloud data depends on the accuracy of instruments, which is about one data tower every two minutes. Data acquisition is quickly presented in the handheld device for proofreading, and data transcoding can be imported into the computer or BIM software for use. After obtaining the first hand point cloud data, it can be imported into the A1 point of BIM software for proofreading. Proofreading of floor height, axis network, beam, plate, column and building foundation information can be carried out. Point cloud, as an auxiliary tool for design, can also easily see plane, section, three-dimensional and other perspectives as well as measure the size of current components, which provides the possibility for rapid development of hardcover design.
三维可视化与图模统一
Unity of 3D visualization and pattern
传统二维精装修设计流程中，平面和天花通常可以在系统图中对应，而立面和节点大样图往往很难对应。这个问题应该算是二维设计的局限，也是传统设计成果的通病。出现这个问题的原因有很多，例如：频繁的设计变更、平面与立面不复尺、节点图纸未校对等因素。图模统一，是精装设计应用中的一大优势，只要模型足够的完整，精度足够的高。可以随意切换为平面、立面、剖面以及大样图。模型样式即现场竣工样式，根据模型可以随时与现场比对，需要材料清单也轻松可得。
In the traditional 2D fine decoration design process, the plane and ceiling can usually correspond in the system diagram, while the elevation and node drawings are often difficult to correspond. This problem should be regarded as a limitation of two-dimensional design, but also a common problem of traditional design results. There are many reasons for this problem, such as: frequent design changes, plans and elevations not measured, node drawings not proofread and other factors. Unified model, is a big advantage in the application of hardcover design, as long as the model is complete enough, high enough precision. You can switch to plan, elevation, section and large drawing at will. The model style is the site completion style, according to the model can be compared with the site at any time, the list of materials is also easily available.
材料封样与效果图展示
Material sealing sample and effect drawing display
在模型搭建的过程中，BIM生态系统的地基底盘就比较的庞大。参数设置中有一部分3DMAX材质贴图的功能，能够通过软件设置材料的尺寸、反光率、比例、凹凸、传热性能等参数。软件功能解决了两个问题：一个是精装修设计中材料封样的问题，材料可以在设计阶段就考虑施工过程中的采购样式，例如地面：地毯、木地板、大理石等，材料的施工工艺、施工厚度等参数都可以很直观的展现；另一个是精装修渲染效果图的问题，模型中的材质渲染后更加的真实，不亚于方案设计阶段的渲染效果。
In the process of model building, the base chassis of BIM ecosystem is relatively large. Part of the parameter Settings include 3DMAX material mapping, which can be used to set parameters such as material size, reflectivity, proportion, bump, heat transfer performance, etc. The software function solves two problems: one is the problem of material sealing in fine decoration design, materials can be considered in the design stage in the construction process of procurement style, such as the ground: carpet, wood floor, marble, etc., materials construction technology, construction thickness and other parameters can be very intuitive display; The other is the problem of fine decoration rendering renderings. The material in the model is more real after rendering, which is no less than the rendering effect in the scheme design stage.
排砖、损耗量与工程量清单
Bricklaying, loss and quantity list
有过施工经验的设计师都知道，现场情况复杂，在深化设计阶段会根据原设计图纸进行排砖优化，例如：立面墙砖300x600，通常会做成有踢脚线或者无踢脚线效果比对；地面地砖的分缝会与入口门位置进行相应的调整。
Designers with construction experience all know that the site situation is complex. In the deepening design stage, brick layout will be optimized according to the original design drawings. For example, the vertical wall brick 300x600 is usually made with or without skirting lines. The slits of the floor tiles will be adjusted accordingly to the position of the entrance door.
传统的二维设计过程中，条件底图是无法确定的，导致现场位置与图纸很难对位，这种情况的出现也伴随着深化设计过程中的工作量。BIM技术的应用可以更好的解决现场、模型、与图纸中的三位一体的问题，避免了不必要的损耗。
In the traditional two-dimensional design process, the conditional base drawing cannot be determined, which makes it difficult to match the site position with the drawing. This situation is accompanied by the workload in the deepening design process. The application of BIM technology can better solve the trinity problem of site, model and drawing, and avoid unnecessary losses.
精装修施工过程中，会有大量的统计工程量的工作，工程量清单更是为精装工程的项目经理减少了工作量。例如：地砖可以精细到块、面层可以精确到平米。BIM模型的精度达到LOD350精度，现场的电线、卡箍、吊筋、支吊架、工字钢数量也可以进行统计。
In the process of fine decoration construction, there will be a lot of statistical engineering work, and the bill of quantities is to reduce the workload for the project manager of the hardcover project. For example: the floor tile can be fine to block, the surface layer can be accurate to square meters. The accuracy of BIM model can reach the accuracy of LOD350. The number of wires, clamps, hangers, supports and I-beams on the site can also be counted.
多专业协同与末端点位
Multi - specialty collaboration and terminal point bit
针对精装修设计的多专业协同，除了优化净高和吊顶高度以外，还有两个不错的应用点：一个是隐蔽工程的机电碰撞，另一个是天花墙面的末端点位。
For the multi-professional cooperation of fine decoration design, in addition to the optimization of net height and ceiling height, there are two good application points: one is the electromechanical collision of hidden engineering, the other is the end point of the ceiling wall.
隐蔽工程的机电碰撞：主要需要协调消防排烟风机、暖通空调、消防喷淋、强弱电桥架、给排水，医疗类建筑或者大型实验室还需要协调事故排风、等离子净化、污水处理系统等。隐蔽工程的优化设计，需要考虑现场安装尺寸、吊筋的安装位置，以及综合排布的管线优化原则等因素。优化的过程，也是一个模拟施工的过程，在优化过程中为现场施工排查问题，减少施工过程中时间成本和不可预见性成本。
Mechanical and electrical collision of concealed engineering: mainly need to coordinate fire exhaust fan, HVAC, fire sprinkler, strong and weak electric bridge, water supply and drainage, medical buildings or large laboratories also need to coordinate accident exhaust, plasma purification, sewage treatment system, etc. The optimal design of concealed works needs to consider the site installation size, the installation position of hanging bars, and the optimization principle of integrated pipeline layout. The process of optimization is also a process of simulated construction. In the process of optimization, problems are checked for on-site construction to reduce the time cost and unpredictable cost in the construction process.
天花墙面的末端点位：天花中的排风口、回风口、检修口、喷淋点位、灯具、烟感、广播、摄像头的位置；墙面中暗藏消防箱、手动报警系统、开关、温控面板等。末端点位的优化设计，为项目经理现场施工过程中的材料工程量、损耗量提前预估，可以有效控制材料的采购，减少施工过程中的损耗。
The end point position of the ceiling wall: the ventilation outlet, return air outlet, access port, spray point position, lamps, smoke sensor, broadcast, camera position; In the wall hidden fire box, manual alarm system, switch, temperature control panel, etc. The optimized design of the terminal point position can predict the material engineering quantity and loss amount in advance for the project manager in the field construction process, which can effectively control the procurement of materials and reduce the loss in the construction process.
装配式创新应用点
Prefabricated innovation application point
精装修的工厂化程度走在了建筑行业的前沿，精装修的装配率也走在了时代的前沿。可以预见的未来，结合板式家居、智能家居、一体化装修、以及新材料新技术的应用，随着时代的发展会越来越凸现BIM技术在实际项目中的优势。BIM技术可以将更多家居的原材料按照模型进行装配式下单，墙面、地面、顶面、家居、灯具、地暖、空调等，室内设计中的所有构件均能实现工厂加工现场装配。
The factory degree of fine decoration walks in the forefront of the construction industry, and the assembly rate of fine decoration also walks in the forefront of The Times. In the foreseeable future, combined with the panel home, smart home, integrated decoration, as well as the application of new materials and new technologies, the advantages of BIM technology in practical projects will be more and more highlighted with the development of The Times. BIM technology can put more raw materials of home in the assembly type order according to the model, wall, floor, top surface, home, lamps, floor heating, air conditioning, etc. All components in interior design can be assembled in the factory processing site.
结论：
Conclusion:
通过实际项目中BIM技术的应用，总结精装修从设计到施工到现场安装过程中遇到的问题，结合精装修BIM应用点制定解决方案。重点分析了点云三维扫描技术、三维可视化与图模统一、材料封样与效果图展示、排砖损耗量与工程量清单、多专业协同与末端点位、以及装配式创新应用点等技术应用。通过全方位的剖析了BIM技术在实际项目中的优势，使得技术能够融入更多整体项目中去，最大程度的满足实际发展需要。
Through the application of BIM technology in the actual project, the problems encountered in the process of fine decoration from design to construction to site installation are summarized, and the solutions are formulated according to the application points of fine decoration BIM. Focus on the analysis of point cloud 3D scanning technology, 3D visualization and unified pattern, material sealing and effect drawing display, brick loss and bill of quantities, multi-specialty collaboration and end point, and assembly type innovation application point and other technology applications. Through a comprehensive analysis of the advantages of BIM technology in practical projects, so that the technology can be integrated into more overall projects to meet the needs of actual development to the greatest extent.
作者：第六情报科
