摘要：

Abstract:

21世纪是科技大爆炸的一个特殊时期，建筑领域以闪电版的速度不断进化迭代。数字化工具、人工智能、智能建造、数字孪生、低碳建筑、光伏玻璃等技术逐渐映入眼帘。谈到建筑领域的数字化的转型升级不得不谈到BIM技术，BIM（Building information modeling）是建筑信息模型的简称，BIM技术已经不断渗透到建筑项目的各个阶段，BIM模型自身具有可视化程度高、所见即所得、图模统一等特点，技术点已经广泛的应用与房建领域的各个角落。

The 21st century is a special period of the big explosion of science and technology, and the field of architecture is constantly evolving and iterating at the speed of lightning version. Digital tools, artificial intelligence, intelligent construction, digital twin, low-carbon buildings, photovoltaic glass and other technologies are gradually coming into view. When it comes to digital transformation and upgrading in the field of architecture, we have to talk about BIM technology. BIM (Building information modeling) is short for building information model. BIM technology has been penetrating into every stage of building projects. BIM model itself has the characteristics of high degree of visualization, what you see is what you get, unified drawing model and so on, and its technical points have been widely used in every corner of the field of housing construction.

通过在工程项目的设计、施工阶段的不断尝试，本文意在结合实际项目讲解BIM技术在建筑设计项目设计后服务阶段的实际应用，即：总结项目实际应用中的经验；阐述BIM后服务工作流程；分析项目工作中出现的问题；最终将数字化技术更多的运用的项目中去，从而提高建筑设计领域的生产效率。

Through continuous attempts in the design and construction stage of engineering projects, this paper aims to explain the practical application of BIM technology in the post-design service stage of architectural design projects in combination with actual projects, namely: summarize the experience in the practical application of projects; Describes the BIM post service workflow; Analyze the problems arising in the project work; Finally, digital technology will be more used in the project, so as to improve the production efficiency in the field of architectural design.

关键词：BIM；建筑现场协调；设计院后服务；数字化转型；多专业协同设计

Key words: BIM; Construction site coordination; After-design service; Digital transformation; Multi-professional collaborative design

众所周知，建筑设计院的后服务是建筑设计院的一大难题，也是建筑设计领域避不开的一个共同话题。二维设计师，将设计好的图纸通过图纸审查合格后，会下发到现场施工。然而传统的生产流程，在后服务阶段会发现很多问题，例如：单专业图纸条件信息不统一；缺少多专业协同图纸合模；专业间沟通延时等。最终导致走廊放不下全专业设备、现场净高无法满足设计高度、以及不断的设计变更无法按图施工等难题。

As we all know, the post-service of architectural design institute is a big problem for architectural design institute, but also a common topic in the field of architectural design. The two-dimensional designer will send the designed drawings to the site for construction after passing the drawing review. However, in the traditional production process, many problems will be found in the post-service stage, such as: the condition information of single professional drawings is not uniform; Lack of multi-professional collaborative drawing mold; Inter-professional communication delay, etc. As a result, the corridor could not accommodate all professional equipment, the site height could not meet the design height, and the continuous design changes could not be constructed according to the drawing and other problems.

本文并不是以批判性思维去阐述或贬低传统二维设计，意在实现三维技术间的融合。

This paper does not elaborate or belittle traditional two-dimensional design with critical thinking, but aims to achieve the integration of three-dimensional technologies.

我们应该正确面对二维设计中的局限性，从而了解或者学习三维设计中的优点，。纵观三维设计流程，房建BIM模型的建立过程，其本质就是三维数字化虚拟建造的过程。在现场施工前期介入，模型搭建过程中，发现房建工程施工图纸中所存在的问题、及时准确的多专业间无缝沟通、快速生成解决方案，最终辅助项目顺利落地。

We should correctly face the limitations of two-dimensional design, so as to understand or learn the advantages of three-dimensional design. Throughout the 3D design process, the building BIM model is essentially a process of 3D digital virtual construction. During the early stage of site construction and model building, I found the problems in the construction drawings of housing engineering, timely and accurate seamless communication among multiple professions, quickly generated solutions, and finally assisted the smooth landing of the project.

在项目工作过程中，可以简述为三个阶段，即：模型搭建阶段、问题验证阶段、施工落地阶段。本文以真实项目的工作总结为出发点，阐述三个阶段存在不同的问题。接下来通过不同章节，分析和阐述如何借助BIM技术将项目落地，最终实现图纸、模型、现场三位一体。

In the process of project work, it can be briefly divided into three stages, namely: model building stage, problem verification stage and construction landing stage. Based on the summary of the real project, this paper expounds the different problems in the three stages. Next, through different chapters, it analyzes and expounds how to implement the project with the help of BIM technology, and finally realizes the trinity of drawing, model and site.

1、模型搭建阶段

1. Model building stage

由于项目处在同步设计阶段，即二维设计先出图，图审通过后，三维BIM模型同时搭建。因为设备模型需要解决路由及管线翻弯的特殊性，设备需要同一个人来完成，由此后服阶段的BIM分为了两个专业，即：土建专业和设备专业。

As the project is in the phase of synchronous design, that is to say, the two-dimensional design drawing will be produced first, and the three-dimensional BIM model will be built at the same time after the drawing approval. Because the equipment model needs to solve the particularity of routing and pipeline bending, the equipment needs to be completed by the same person. Therefore, the BIM in the post-service stage is divided into two majors, namely, the civil construction major and the equipment major.

BIM土建专业，主要解决主体结构、外装、内装等专业图纸问题。模型搭建过程中，大致根据项目施工流程，从地基开始到主体完成，从结构专业到外装修专业依次完成模型。如果项目有精装修专业，同时需要制定精装修吊顶高度，以及精装修的综合天花合模。

BIM civil engineering major, mainly solve the main structure, external installation, internal installation and other professional drawing problems. In the process of building the model, according to the construction process of the project, the model is completed successively from the foundation to the main body, and from the structure specialty to the exterior decoration specialty. If the project has fine decoration professional, at the same time need to develop fine decoration ceiling height, as well as fine decoration of comprehensive smallpox mold.

BIM设备专业，主要解决水、电、暖、空调、消防、智能化等专业图纸问题。在土建模型的基础上，模拟各专业施工，主要解决各专业碰撞、路由、翻弯、以及室内净高不足的问题。在施工模拟过程中，制定设备路由优化原则，例如：电在上、水在中、通风设备在最下；小管道让大管道；有压管道让无压管道等。具体需要BIM工程师与现场施工进度、施工单位等各专业协调制定。

BIM equipment professional, mainly solve the water, electricity, heating, air conditioning, fire protection, intelligent and other professional drawing problems. On the basis of the civil construction model, the simulation of various professional construction, mainly to solve the problems of collision, routing, bending, and insufficient indoor height. In the construction simulation process, the equipment routing optimization principles were formulated, such as: electricity in the top, water in the middle, ventilation equipment in the bottom; Small pipe let big pipe; Pressurized pipe to unpressurized pipe, etc. Specific requirements BIM engineers to coordinate with the site construction progress, construction units and other professional formulation.

2、土建不能错，设备不能丢

2, civil construction can not be wrong, equipment can not be lost

在项目实际操作过程中，由于土建与设备两个专业需要协同工作，二维图纸持续不断的变更，以及项目进度沟通协同不及时等因素导致土建模型经常出现错误（如：梁高、柱子、外装构件尺寸等）、设备模型经常遇到丢构件（如：消防栓、喷头、弱电桥架等）

In the actual operation of the project, due to the need to work together between the two fields of civil engineering and equipment, the continuous change of two-dimensional drawings, and the delay in communication and coordination of project progress, errors often occur in the civil engineering model (such as beam height, column, external component size, etc.), and components are often lost in the equipment model (such as fire hydrants, sprinkler heads, weak current bridge, etc.).

然而土建模型的净高错误，会误导设备专业的净高优化，从而导致最终的精装修吊顶高度不准确。土建模型搭建正确的情况下，如果有碰撞问题，可以及时的提给二维设计师修改梁高或者多专业会审解决问题。设备专业的模型，由于精装综合天花修改、建筑房间功能分区变化等问题，导致吊顶设备点位变更，以及房间内增加或减少相应的设备构件等问题。

However, the wrong clearance height of civil construction model will mislead the professional clearance height optimization of equipment, resulting in inaccurate final fine decoration ceiling height. When the civil construction model is built correctly, if there is a collision problem, it can be timely submitted to the two-dimensional designer to modify the beam height or multi-professional consultation to solve the problem. The professional model of equipment, due to the modification of the hardcover comprehensive ceiling, the change of the functional zoning of the building room and other problems, resulting in the change of the point position of the ceiling equipment, and the increase or decrease of the corresponding equipment components in the room.

土建模型的错误和设备模型的丢构件问题，是我们协同设计工作中的常见错误。避免问题的出现即锻炼BIM工程师的技术水平，同时又需要设计师提高专业能力。

The error of civil construction model and the missing component of equipment model are common mistakes in our collaborative design work. To avoid the occurrence of problems is to exercise the technical level of BIM engineers, but also to improve the professional ability of designers.

3、问题验证阶段

3. Problem verification phase

全专业的BIM模型搭建完成后，需要开展问题验证阶段的工作。根据项目开展落地情况，团队整理了问题报告，大致分为现场模型出现问题、各专业解决方案、责任设计师、最终完成时间等子项。项目问题一目了然，团队协同责任到人。

After the professional BIM model is built, the problem verification phase needs to be carried out. According to the implementation of the project, the team sorted out the problem report, which was roughly divided into sub-items, such as problems in the field model, solutions for each specialty, responsible designers, and final completion time. Project problems at a glance, team coordination responsibility to people.

专业间多沟通，问题无延时，是我们BIM项目协调过程中的一把利刃。例如：精装修吊顶中的空调风口不对应。究竟是空调厂家的图纸滞后、还是暖通专业设计风口变更、也或者是精装修天花设计修改未通知其他专业、还是甲方未能下发最终的工作联系单通知到全专业。谁的原因？BIM是建筑信息化模型，BIM技术是为建筑项目落地而生的，问题一旦提上日程，落到项目上，最终是全专业沟通滞后的问题。

Professional communication, no delay of problems, is a sharp edge in the process of our BIM project coordination. For example: fine decoration ceiling air conditioning tuyere does not correspond. What is the drawing lag of the air conditioning manufacturer, or HVAC professional design tuyere change, or fine decoration ceiling design modification did not inform other majors, or Party A failed to issue the final work contact order notice to the whole profession. Whose reason? BIM is a building information model, and BIM technology is born for the implementation of construction projects. Once the problem is put on the agenda and falls on the project, it is ultimately the problem of the whole professional communication lag.

4、施工落地阶段

4. Construction landing stage

传统二维设计中一个永恒不变的话题就是图纸不落地。这个问题是国内建筑设计市场上的通病，也是二维设计中的局限。那么如何让图纸指导施工，如何让模型落地，成为三维数字化设计中重点解决的问题。

An eternal topic in traditional two-dimensional design is that the drawing does not fall to the ground. This problem is a common problem in the domestic architectural design market, but also the limitation of two-dimensional design. So how to make the drawings guide the construction, how to make the model landing, become the focus of three-dimensional digital design problem.

经过一段时间的项目磨合，团队找到了一套适合项目落地的后服务工作流程。a通过BIM模型搭建，模拟现场施工；b三维可视化交底，发现项目中存在的问题；c沟通协调迅速反馈给其他专业，制定解决方案；d问题和方案汇总给甲方或者第三方，最终确定解决方案；e甲方下发工作联系单或设计变更，指导现场施工。

After a period of project running-in, the team found a set of post-service workflow suitable for the project landing. a to simulate on-site construction through BIM model construction; b. Three-dimensional visualization to reveal the problems existing in the project; c Communicate and coordinate to provide feedback to other majors and develop solutions; d Summarize the problems and solutions to Party A or a third party, and finalize the solution; e Party A shall issue the work contact list or design changes to guide the site construction.

最终实现，二维图纸、BIM模型、施工现场三位一体。即解决了二维图纸中的局限，又帮助现场施工过程解决了技术问题，从很大一定程度上讲也是为甲方节约了变更成本。

Finally, two-dimensional drawing, BIM model, construction site trinity. It not only solves the limitations in the two-dimensional drawings, but also helps solve the technical problems in the field construction process. To a large extent, it also saves the change cost for Party A.

结论：

Conclusion:

不忘初心，数字化升级是BIM应用的主旋律，也是BIM正向设计的必经之路。所有技术的应用，最终是需要一个着力点来支撑，应用到房建领域的后服务阶段也是一个不错的选择。搭建BIM模型、检查项目中的问题以及提出解决方案、辅助现场施工落地，通过图纸、模型、施工现场三位一体，从而提高三维数字化设计的生产效率。

Stay true to the original intention, digital upgrade is the main melody of BIM application, and also the only way to BIM positive design. The application of all technologies ultimately needs a focus to support, and it is also a good choice to apply to the post-service stage of the housing construction field. Build BIM model, check the problems in the project, propose solutions, assist the site construction landing, through the trinity of drawings, models, construction site, so as to improve the production efficiency of three-dimensional digital design.

作者:第六情报科